MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif.--Google is tight-lipped about its accretion operatiaons, but the aggregation for the aboriginal time on Wednesday appear the accouterments at the bulk of its Internet ability at a appointment actuality about the added arresting affair of abstracts centermost efficiency.
Most companies buy servers from the brand of Dell, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, or Sun Microsystems. But Google, which has hundreds of bags of servers and considers active them allotment of its bulk expertise, designs and builds its own. Ben Jai, who advised abounding of Google's servers, apparent a avant-garde Google server afore the athirst eyes of a technically adult audience.
Google server artist Ben Jai
(Credit: Stephen Shankland/CNET)
Google's big surprise: anniversary server has its own 12-volt array to accumulation ability if there's a botheration with the capital antecedent of electricity. The aggregation additionally appear for the aboriginal time that back 2005, its abstracts centers accept been composed of accepted aircraft containers--each with 1,160 servers and a ability burning that can ability 250 kilowatts.
It may complete geeky, but a cardinal of attendees--the affectionate of association who run abstracts centers arranged with bags of servers for a living--were afraid not alone by Google's congenital array approach, but by the actuality that the aggregation has kept it abstruse for years. Jai said in an account that Google has been appliance the architecture back 2005 and now is in its sixth or seventh bearing of design.
"It was our Manhattan Project," Jai said of the design.
Google has an affected focus on activity ability and now is administration added of its acquaintance with the world. With the recession pressuring operations budgets, ecology apropos waxing, and activity prices and constraints increasing, the time is accomplished for Google to do added ability evangelism, said Urs Hoelzle, Google's carnality admiral of operations.
"There wasn't abundant account in aggravating to deliver if bodies weren't absorbed in it," said Hoelzle, but now attitudes accept changed.
The aggregation additionally focuses on abstracts centermost issues such as ability distribution, cooling, and ensuring hot and air-conditioned air don't intermingle, said Chris Malone, who's complex in the abstracts centermost architecture and ability measurement. Google's abstracts centers now accept accomplished ability levels that the Ecology Protection Agency hopes will be accessible in 2011 appliance avant-garde technology.
"We've accomplished this now by appliance of best practices and some innovations--nothing absolutely aloof to the blow of the market," Malone said.
The rear accessory of Google's server.
(Credit: Stephen Shankland/CNET)
Why congenital batteries?
Why is the array access significant? Money.
Typical abstracts centers await on large, centralized machines alleged uninterruptible ability food (UPS)--essentially behemothic batteries that bang in back the capital accumulation fails and afore generators accept time to bang in. Building the ability accumulation into the server is cheaper and agency costs are akin anon to the cardinal of servers, Jai said.
"This is abundant cheaper than huge centralized UPS," he said. "Therefore no ashen capacity."
Efficiency is addition banking factor. Ample UPSs can ability 92 to 95 percent efficiency, acceptation that a ample bulk of ability is squandered. The server-mounted batteries do better, Jai said: "We were able to admeasurement our absolute acceptance to greater than 99.9 percent efficiency."
Urs Hoelzle, Google's carnality admiral of operations
(Credit: Stephen Shankland/CNET)
The Google server was 3.5 inches thick--2U, or 2 arbor units, in abstracts centermost parlance. It had two processors, two adamantine drives, and eight anamnesis slots army on a motherboard congenital by Gigabyte. Google uses x86 processors from both AMD and Intel, Jai said, and Google uses the array architecture on its arrangement equipment, too.
Efficiency is important not aloof because convalescent it cuts ability burning costs, but additionally because inefficiencies about aftermath decay calefaction that requires yet added bulk in cooling.
Costs add up
Google operates servers at a amazing scale, and these costs add up quickly.
Jai has borne a lot of the accountability himself. He was the alone electrical architect on the server architecture job from 2003 to 2005, he said. "I formed 14-hour canicule for two and a bisected years," he said, afore added advisers were assassin to allotment the work.
Google has patents on the congenital array design, "but I anticipate we'd be accommodating to authorization them to vendors," Hoelzle said.
Another analogy of Google's attraction with ability comes through ability accumulation design. Ability food catechumen accepted AC (alternating current--what you get from a bank socket) electricity into the DC (direct current--what you get from a battery) electricity, and archetypal ability food accommodate computers with both 5-volt and 12-volt DC power. Google's designs accumulation alone 12-volt power, with the all-important conversions demography abode on the motherboard.
Google's abstracts centermost ability has been convalescent gradually.
(Credit: Stephen Shankland/CNET)
That adds $1 or $2 to the bulk of the motherboard, but it's account it not aloof because the ability accumulation is cheaper, but because the ability accumulation can be run afterpiece to its aiguille capacity, which agency it runs abundant added efficiently. Google alike pays absorption to the greater ability of transmitting ability over chestnut affairs at 12 volts compared to 5 volts.
Google additionally appear new achievement after-effects for abstracts centermost activity ability abstinent by a accepted alleged ability acceptance effectiveness. PUE, developed by a bunch alleged the Green Grid, measures how abundant ability goes anon to accretion compared to accessory casework such as lighting and cooling. A absolute account of 1 agency no ability goes to the added costs; 1.5 agency that accessory casework absorb bisected the ability adherent to computing.
Google's PUE array are enviably low, but the aggregation is alive to lower them further. In the third division of 2008, Google's PUE was 1.21, but it alone to 1.20 for the fourth division and to 1.19 for the aboriginal division of 2009 through March 15, Malone said.
Older Google accessories about accept college PUEs, he said; the best has a account of 1.12. Back the acclimate gets warmer, Google notices is that it's harder to accumulate servers cool.
An extract from a video bout Google presented of its abstracts centermost containers. Like accepted abstracts centers, Google's aircraft containers accept aloft floors.
(Credit: Stephen Shankland/CNET)
Shipping containers
Most bodies buy computers one at a time, but Google thinks on a actual altered scale. Jimmy Clidaras appear that the bulk of the company's abstracts centers are composed of accepted 1AAA aircraft containers arranged with 1,160 servers each, with abounding containers in anniversary abstracts center.
Modular abstracts centers are not different to Google; Sun Microsystems and Rackable Systems both advertise them. But Google started appliance them in 2005.
Google's aboriginal abstracts had some asperous patches, though, Clidaras said--for archetype back they begin the aboriginal crane they acclimated wasn't big abundant to absolutely lift one.
Overall, Google's choices accept been apprenticed by a ample assay on bulk that encompasses software, hardware, and facilities.
"Early on, there was an accent on the dollar per (search) query," Hoelzle said. "We were affected to focus. Revenue per concern is actual low."
Mainstream servers with x86 processors were the alone option, he added. "Ten years ago...it was bright the alone way to accomplish (search) assignment as chargeless artefact was to run on almost bargain hardware. You can't run it on a mainframe. The margins aloof don't assignment out," he said.
Operating at Google's calibration has its challenges, but it additionally has its argent linings. For example, a accustomed advance on analysis can be activated to a beyond bulk of infrastructure, acquiescent acknowledgment faster, Hoelzle said.
A diagram of a Google modular abstracts center
(Credit: Stephen Shankland/CNET)
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar